Egoism, Psychological And Ethical, And Altruism - 1141 Words

From the moment you are born, you are being influenced. Influenced on what to wear, how to do your hair, how to speak, whom to associate with, etc. All of these criteria make up who you are. These influences determine how you think and what you believe. With all these influences in our daily lives we inevitably do actions throughout the day, and our actions have consequences. Some consequences are good and some are bad, but based on our actions are there ulterior motives involved? Do we do things to solely benefit ourselves or do we sometimes do things to help out others and the greater good of mankind? These questions bring to the surface the topics of egoism, psychological and ethical, and altruism. Egoism in general means that people think of their own advantage. They have high opinions of themselves and dote on themselves. Meaning they live and breathe off of self-praise. Most of the time this word has a negative connotation to it, and it is looked down upon (Flynn 459). Egoism f alls into two categories: psychological and ethical. The term psychological egoism refers to the mindset that there is no such thing as a self-less act. For example, if someone does a good deed, they have a hidden motive behind their deed. Whether they want attention, praise, or accolades from performing the deed, they did not do it just to help someone out (Rosenstand 164). As human beings our nature is to be selfish, and there is no way around it. We are innately selfish, always have andShow MoreRelatedAltruism And Egoism : A Moral Code Of Conduct1417 Words   |  6 PagesIn psychology, altruism and egoism are two contrasting views on morality, one holding that one should value principles/actions that benefit others over oneself, the other holding that not only are we innately selfish species, but that selfishness is how one ought to act. While both theories of morality are prevalent throughout history and cultures around the world, I will be examining the two sides of egoism: ph ysiological and ethical, and how these can be connected to altruism. These theories areRead MoreEthical Egoism Reflection Paper1739 Words   |  7 Pagesselflessness, psychological egoism, ethical egoism, and altruism all somehow relate towards beneficiating, but I believe that psychological egoism is the correct way to view selfishness for its positive symbiotic relationship between the person doing the action and the person receiving it. Of the three views to choose from – psychological egoism, ethical egoism, and altruism – I had the hardest time choosing between psychological egoism and ethical egoism. In my opinion, altruism is not possibleRead MoreEgoism And Ethical Egoism1291 Words   |  6 PagesFor this paper, I am going to be using The Fundamentals of Ethics by Russ Shafer-Landau and Psychological Egoism and Hobbes by Hun Chung in order to talk about and give more insight on psychological egoism and ethical egoism. There are many things to know and learn such as what these theories are and how they are different and alike as well as other components supporting each theory. Psychological Egoism states that human actions are based on self-interest, even if the action appears to be selflessRead MoreThe Need to Psychological Egoism in Life682 Words   |  3 Pagestowards my friends and other people. I have always thought about egoism as something solely negative. That was before I knew the true meaning and concept of the word. Now I am no longer so sure; is it possible to be an absolute altruist? Is it possible to keep going on an absolute altruistic line of life without any egoistic subsidiary interference? Psychological egoism is a human beings factual motivation in life. Psychological egoism builds around that our intended actions are always controlledRead MorePsychological vs Ethical Egoism Essay1167 Words   |  5 PagesPsychological Egoism and Ethical Egoism: A Comparison Abstract There is a certain innate desire to help others, just as others will feel that same fulfillment for returning that aid. At the same time, however, there is also an inherent yearning to seek out one’s own best interest. This brings about a discussion regarding the difference between psychological egoism and ethical egoism. To understand the similarities and differences, one must first understand the two concepts includingRead MorePsychological and Ethical Egoism Essay1863 Words   |  8 Pages Egoism is a teleological theory of ethics that sets the ultimate criterion of morality in some nonmoral value (i.e. happiness or welfare) that results from acts (Pojman 276). It is contrasted with altruism, which is the view that ones actions ought to further the interests or good of other people, ideally to the exclusion of ones own interests (Pojman 272). This essay will explain the relation between psychological egoism and ethical egoism. It will examine how someone who believes in psychologicalRead MoreIndividualism1503 Words   |  7 PagesIndividuation Theories 2. Emotional Self Interest 3. Methodological Individualism 4. Political Individualism 1. Liberalism 2. Anarchism 1. Individualist Anarchism 5. Philosophical individualism 1. Ethical Egoism 2. Extentialism 3. Free Thought 4. Humanism 5. Hedonism 6. Libertinism 7. Objectivism 8. Philosophical Anarchism 9. Subjectivism 1. Solipsism 6. Economic Individualism 1. Liberalism Read MoreEthical Relativism : Moral Relativism1198 Words   |  5 Pages1.) The concepts of Ethical Relativism teach that societies evolve over time and change to fit circumstances. It exists in our lives and compares to other theories, such as moral nihilism, skepticism, subjectivism, and soft and hard universalism. Ethical relativism is the theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one s culture. That is, whether an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms of the society in which it is practiced. Moral Nihilism, Skepticism, and SubjectivismRead MoreEgoism By Thomas Hobbes And Immanuel Kant1660 Words   |  7 PagesEgoism can be described as the theory of solely acting towards the advancement and good of one’s own self, without any other causes for action. While egoism has been interpreted differently throughout history, the two variants of egoism conceived by Thomas Hobbes and Immanuel Kant are widely considered today to be theoretically bound and consistent. The egoism, described by Hobbes, conceives egoism as  a fully psychological motive that is within the minds of all human beings, who think only of theirRead MoreEthics Essay772 Words   |  4 Pages5. We should adopt an attitude to tolerance. 8. What is the â€Å"Cultural Differences† argument for Cultural Relativism? Does Rachels think it is sound? he thinks it is unsound, 9. If Cultural Relativism is true, then some odd consequences for ethical theory follow. What are they? 10. Does Rachels hold that there are some moral rules that all societies have in common? 11. What are the three traditional divine attributes of monotheism? 12. What is the difference between â€Å"theism†, â€Å"atheism†

Environmental Health Safety - 1334 Words

TUI University Nickalus W. Banks BHE314: Environmental Health Safety Module 3: Water Quality; Wastewater Management Dr. Rania Sabty-Daily Case Assignment Over 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered in water. This water is essential to our survival as a species. With the Earth’s population increasing yearly, will we have enough quality water to carry us into the decades to come? What types of treatment are being used to ensure that we have clean water to drink? This case assignment will compare and contrast secondary water treatment method to the tertiary water treatment, which is also known as advanced/final water treatment, method in the context of the wastewater treatment process. It will discuss the appropriate†¦show more content†¦Bibliography/References Altekruse, S. F., Cohen, M. L. Swerdlow, D. L. (2007). Emerging food borne diseases. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 3 (3). Retrieved November 2008 form http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol3no3/cohen.htm. Bartram, J., Lewis, K., Lentron, R. Wright, A. (2005). Focusing on improved water and sanitation for health. The Lancet, 365 (9461). Retrieved 2008 from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=804282491sid=1Fmt=4clientId=29440RQT=309VName=PQD. . California Air Resources Board (2007). Health effects research. Retrieved November 2008 from http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/health/healthres.htm. Environmental Services Department, City of San Jose. (n.d.). South Bay water recycling: Treatment process. Retrieved 2008 from http://www.sanjoseca.gov/sbwr/treatmentprocess.htm. Frumpkin, H. (2002). Urban sprawl and public health. Public Health Reports, 117: 201-217. Retrieved 2008 from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/articles/Urban%20Sprawl%20and%20Public%20Health%20-%20PHR.pdf. Georgia Department of Human Resources. (n.d.). Mosquito-borne viral diseases. Retrieved December 2008 from http://health.state.ga.us/epi/vbd/mosquito.asp. Harrison, J. (2008). Personal correspondence (source works in the food catering business). Jackson, R. J. Kochitzky, C.Show MoreRelatedEnvironmental Health And Safety Management833 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction Environmental health and safety management is an important component of a safe work environment because it protects human health and safety in the workplace. In regard to this, environmental health and safety regulations remain the hallmark that provides protection for American workers. Such regulation has helped maintain the wide-ranging safety standards as required by law. It has enabled companies in the United States to aggressively pursue accident prevention initiatives at all levelsRead MoreInformative Presentation On Health Safety And Environmental1045 Words   |  5 Pageslevel business graduates on how to make an informed career decision. Specific Purpose: As a result of this presentation, my audience will be introduced to two promising career paths that can yield job security and success. 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As read in the textbook by Manuele (2008 p. 86) and under the section 3.1.3, ResponsibilityRead MoreHealth, Safety and Environmental Management752 Words   |  3 Pagescommunities, the environment and the business through proactive and planned management response before, during and after emergency situations. 10. Environmental management Business units will protect the environment and minimise any adverse impact from our operations through efficient use of natural resources and adherence to applicable environmental protection standards. 11. Assessment and continuous improvement Business unit to ensure the elements of the management system are assessed on a regularRead MoreEthics, Public Health, And Environmental Safety3018 Words   |  13 Pagesdefine biotechnology and consider best practices in agriculture, both in the United States and around the globe. With the advent of genetic engineering and the adoption of transgenic crops, a new set of questions regarding ethics, public health, and environmental safety has grown from a theoretical concern to one that must be considered as genetic engineering plays an increasingly large role in our everyday lives. As genetically modified (GM) food has entered the marketplace, these ethical questionsRead MoreGovernment Regulation And Mining Safety, Health Standards And Environmental Regulations1012 Words   |  5 PagesThreats included government regulation and mining safety, health standards and environmental regulations. There were many citations and violation fines charged against Massey. Low prices from foreign coal companies pose a threat. The on-going high cost of production and maintenance of equipment is a big cost. The shift of demand to other cleaner resources such as green technologies posed a growing threat as well. The worker conditions are also a threat because they were potentially dangerous andRead MoreWGU SZT 1 Task 4 - Disaster in Franklin County Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pageshighlights the role of public health personnel, with emphasis on the public health nurse because the nurse is often a first responder to such a disaster. This helps to examine the roles, actions, cop ing methods, and techniques used by a nurse in a disaster scenario. A. Role of Public Health Personnel The role of public health personnel is to maintain the physical and emotional safety of individuals throughout the community affected by the storm. Those in the Public Health Department are responsibleRead MorePesticides and Human Health in California Essay3080 Words   |  13 Pagesuse of pesticides. However, those pesticides which have resulted in high crop yields have come at price, and that is human health itself. This seems rather contradictory. Pesticides were designed to help people and society by increased the success of producing high crop yields, and they still do that, but at the same time, those same pesticides have caused unforeseen health risks, primarily to those have had to handle them. The average person would not consider pesticides as being a cause for depressionRead MoreThe Hazards Of Nursing : Caring1793 Words   |  8 Pagesnew chemicals can come on the scene unknowingly and without warning into a nurses’ work environment. One of the most common concer ns of chemical exposure in a nurse’s work environment is â€Å"fragrance†. â€Å"Fragrance† is a common ingredient in beauty, health, and cleaning products. â€Å"Fragrance† is unregulated by the FDA and protected by law because of what the industry refers to as â€Å"trade secrets†. â€Å"Fragrance† may contain thousands of chemicals, but is only required to be listed under one ingredientRead MoreFunctional Health Pattern Community Assessment2109 Words   |  9 PagesFunctional Health Patterns Community Assessment Guide Functional Health Pattern (FHP) Template Directions: This FHP template is to be used for organizing community assessment data in preparation for completion of your collaborative learning community (CLC) assignment. Address every bulleted statement in each section with data or rationale for deferral. You may also add additional bullet points if applicable to your community. Value/Belief Pattern Predominant ethnic and cultural groups

Capital Gains Tax Residence Exemption

Questions: 1. Tax implications of the Sale of First House and Purchase of New House 2. Tax Implications of the expenditure on the first house 3. The tax implications of receiving the apple watch and bravery medal 4. The assessability and deductibility of all the other items 5. Computation of Tax Payable by Jacob for the year ended June, 2016 Answers: 1. In the given case, Jacob wants to sell his current house. He is using it as his main residence since acquisition except from December 2006 to December 2014. He is planning to acquire a new house before disposal of this old one. He has not produced any assessable income from the old house during the last 12 months before purchase of the new house and he will shift to the new dwelling (Law.ato.gov.au 2017). Thus both the dwellings will be treated as his main residence for a period of up to six months as per the provisions of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (Ato.gov.au 2017). If the property is acquired after 20th September, 1985, a capital gain (Law.ato.gov 2017) or loss arises in case of its sale as per the provisions of Part IIIA of Section 160 M and Section 160 N. There is exemption from CGT in case of sale of main residence (Edmonds 2015). Exemption is allowed on only one property for a particular period (Ato.gov.au 2017). Mr. Jacob cannot claim full exemption if it was not his main residence for the entire period between the year 2006 to the year 2014. However, he will be eligible for partial exemption as he is single parent to a 10 year child and the provision on ownership of 2nd house by the partner does not arise. Thus when Mr. Jacob decides to sell his first house, he will have to choose one property to claim exemption and the other property will attract Capital Gain Tax (Law.ato.gov 2017). 2. Tax liability arises if any major capital improvement is done on a dwelling and any Capital Gain Tax (CGT) event arises on such dwelling (Martin, Pawson and van den Nouwelant 2016). However, the major capital improvements to the dwelling is exempt from tax if it the main residence and the improvement is part of the house (Ato.gov.au 2017). If improvement or renovation is done on part of the home to produce income or for commercial purposes, then such exemption is not allowable. In addition, the exemption is applicable only if total land is less than two hectares. Thus, if the land including the house of Mr. Jacob is less than 2 hectares or 2 hectares, the cost incurred on repair will be exempt from tax (Ato.gov.au 2017). 3. If a person makes a payment in terms of money or property voluntarily and there is not any material benefit to the donor from transfer of property or money, it amounts to gift. The person who makes the gift can claim the deduction on the gifts or donations made voluntarily subject to relevant gift conditions. The recipient must have the status of Deductible Gift Recipient (Ato.gov.au 2017). In the given case, Mr. Jacob receives an Apple watch worth $650 for saving the life of a boy. Thus it can be termed as receipt of a gift. Tax implication with regard to the tax deductibility arises for the donor of the gift. Mr. Jacob is the receiver of the gift and not the donor. Thus, the provision of deduction on gift does not apply to this case. However, the parents of the boy may claim the deduction of tax on the gift depending on the eligibility to such deduction. 4. Income Tax is deducted by the employer on the payments made by him to the employee (Ato.gov.au 2017). However, the employee may claim a refund of the tax amount if deductible expenses reduce the tax liability (Yong and Ma 2015). Thus tax on $72000 shall be deducted at source. Mr. Jacob receives dividend of $2850 from Telstra Shares that have Franking Credit. The Act requires declaration of such Franked dividends in the tax return. These are generally entitled to tax offset (Coulton, Ruddock and Taylor 2014). The allowances and payments by Australian Government are subject to beneficiary tax offset in case there is no taxable income. Mr. Jacob has received Family Tax Benefit of $1300 for his son. He has taxable salary income. So he will be liable to pay some tax on $1300. There is a provision of tax deduction on the cost incurred on buying occupation specific clothing and compulsory and non- compulsory work uniforms (Ato.gov.au 2017). However, to claim deduction on non- compulsory uniform, the design of the uniform must be registered with AusIndustry. Shoes cannot be non- compulsory work uniform. Thus, $ 450 spent by Mr. Jacob work clothing and shoes is subject to these provisions. He can claim the deduction if it is distinctive and unique to his profession. Mr. Jacob has spent $42000 on use of private car for school activities. He can claim tax deduction on this amount except on the cost incurred on private travel between work and home. The claim can be made on the running expenses excluding capital costs using any of the two methods: Cents per Kilometer method and logbook method (Ato.gov.au 2017). Mr. Jacob has incurred educational expense of $3650. Educational expenses are subject to the tax deduction if the education will result in improving the current skills and increasing the employment income. The superannuation contribution of $ 3000 will be taxable @15% if the contribution is made before tax (Ato.gov.au 2017). Tax agents fee of $750 is also liable to taxable amount. 5. The total taxable income of Mr. Jacob and the Net Tax Payable by him is calculated below. Gross salary, income from dividend and family tax benefit constitute the total assessable income. Deduction is allowed for clothing specific to the purpose and self- educational expenses. Thus, the total taxable income stands at 76471 $. Tax is charged at a flat rate of $3572 and @32.5% for income above 37000. Credit on Franked dividend has been given and Mr. Jacob is not liable to pay Medicare levy as his taxable income is below 180000 $. Total tax paid by him during the year is 13136 $. Assessable income ( in $) Gross salary 72,000 Holiday Received From Bank 3200 Australian sourced dividend income: Fully franked (net) 2850 Gross up for franking credits (2850 x 30/70) 1221 4,071 Family Tax Benefit 1,300 Total assessable income 80,571 Allowable deductions Clothing 450 Educational Expenses 3,650 Total allowable deductions 4100 Total taxable income 76,471 Tax on taxable income- $3572 + 32.5% of (76471-37000) 12828 Medicare levy (levied on taxable income above $180000) 1529.4 Franking credit 1,221 Total tax payable 13136 Figure 1: Tax Computation of Mr. Jacob Source: (Created by Author) References: Ato.gov.au, (2017). Building or renovating your home. [online] Ato.gov.au. Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/general/property/your-home/building-or-renovating-your-home/ [Accessed 12 Jan. 2017]. Ato.gov.au, (2017). Clothing, laundry and dry-cleaning expenses. [online] Ato.gov.au. Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/Income-and-deductions/Deductions-you-can-claim/Clothing,-laundry-and-dry-cleaning-expenses/#Occupationspecificclothing1 [Accessed 12 Jan. 2017]. Ato.gov.au, (2017). Vehicle and travel expenses [online] Available at: https://://www.ato.gov.au/individuals/income-and-deductions/deductions-you-can-claim/vehicle-and-travel-expenses/car-expenses/ [Accessed 12 Jan. 2017]. Ato.gov.au, a. (2017). Super. [online] Ato.gov.au. Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/Super/ [Accessed 12 Jan. 2017]. Ato.gov.au, a. (2017). Who can claim a gift or contribution. [online] Ato.gov.au. Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Non-profit/Gifts-and-fundraising/How-supporters-claim-tax-deductions/who-can-claim-a-gift-or-contribution/ [Accessed 12 Jan. 2017]. Coulton, J.J., Ruddock, C. and Taylor, S.L., 2014. The Informativeness of Dividends and Associated Tax Credits.Journal of Business Finance Accounting,41(9-10), pp.1309-1336. Edmonds, R., 2015. Structural tax reform: what should be brought to the table?. InAustralian Tax Forum(Vol. 30). Law.ato.gov.au. (2017). ATO ID 2010/101 - Capital Gains Tax: main residence exemption - interaction with non-resident provisions. [online] Available at: https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?DocID=aid/aid2010101/00001 [Accessed 12 Jan. 2017]. Martin, C., Pawson, H. and Van den Nouwelant, R., 2016. Housing policy and the housing system in Australia: an overview. Yong, S.E. and Ma, M., 2015. A comparative study of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) implications on real property transactions in Australia and New Zealand.

Physical Development 0-19 Years free essay sample

Child and Young Person Development Assignment 023 – Table 1 Physical Development Explain the sequence and rate of development Age Range 0-3 Months Many babies are born around the 40th week are born with reflexes which include swallowing and sucking reflex this is so they can swallow milk and in conjunct with that they also have the rooting reflex they move head from side to side in order to find the nipple or the teat. They also have the grasp reflex and standing and walking reflex. When first born they sleep a lot but after one month they start to become more observant and stay awake longer. Babies start to look less curled up, like in the featal position and they dont startle or jump as frequently. 3-6 Months At this age babies have gained weight and grown in height. Babies are lifting and turning heads. Many skills are apparent now like playing, smiling, laughing and squealing. We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Development 0-19 Years or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They can reach out and grab a toy. They can roll from back to front and also balance on their fronts like they want to get up on their legs and crawl. -9 Months The physical development at this stage has progressed a lot and babies are able to explore so much more they are crawling or finding other ways to get around, they can sit up without support and spend a lot of time playing. 9-12 Months Babies are able to crawl very quickly and pull themselves up on furniture and walk round it and may are on the verge of walking. They are using fingers to feed themselves. 1-2 Years At this stage babies have found their feet and are completely mobile, they walk quickly in their feet and are named toddlers. -4 Years Toddlers are now confident in walking and enjoy playing and picking up things, they go on to realise they are independent from their parents, they are now running and climbing, moving chairs to climb is also very common. 4-7 Years Compared to other development the physical ones slow down around this age but the skills like using scissors and pouring are used and activities like kicking and controlling a ball and handwriting improves. -12 Years Physically children are able to do things at a faster rate, drawing a simple picture becomes easier and dressing themselves. Growth and change to their bodies. 12-16 Years This is when physically girls and boys tend to differ they change in to men and women at different rates. By 15 or 16 girls have become women but boys dont start puberty till around 14 years of age and takes about 3 years. Body shapes are changing. 16-19 Years

Korean war excusable

Korean war excusable Five years after Korea was partitioned into South and North Korea, the two countries began combating. Led by Kim Il Sung, the North launched a surprise invasion southwards on June 25th 1950. After nearly taking over the entire peninsula, American forces, alongside those of the United Nations, got involved in an attempt to drive the communists back. In due time the Chinese got involved in the conflict as well. This escalation brought forth what is today known as the Korean War. While searching for the grounds of this aggression, it is vital to acknowledge that causes are bound to be numerous in number.Firstly, the fact that China had just become a communist state indeed presents itself as an important aspect of the commencement of the Korean War, as it lead to the United States putting more effort into stopping the spread of communism southward from North Korea. China falling victim to communism in October of 1949 was a major blow to the United States as it stood out as a failure of i ts containment policy, which was meant to stop the spread of communism, and opened up a completely new array of worries concerning the political standpoints of china's many neighboring nations, potential application of domino theory.Original description: "Supply warehouses and dock ...

Coca-Colas Groundwater Pollution in India

Coca-Cola's Groundwater Pollution in India An ongoing drought has threatened groundwater supplies across India, and many villagers in rural areas are blaming Coca-Cola for aggravating the problem. Coca-Cola operates 58 water-intensive bottling plants in India. In the southern Indian village of Plachimada in Kerala state, for example, persistent droughts have dried up groundwater and local wells, forcing many residents to rely on water supplies trucked in daily by the government. Groundwater Problem Began Several Years Ago Some there link the lack of groundwater to the arrival of a Coca-Cola bottling plant in the area three years ago. Following several large protests, the local government revoked Coca-Cola’s license to operate last year and ordered the company to shut down its $25-million plant. Similar groundwater problems have plagued the company in the rural Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, where farming is the primary industry. Several thousand residents took part in a 10-day march in 2004 between two Coca-Cola bottling plants thought to be depleting groundwater. â€Å"Drinking Coke is like drinking farmer’s blood in India,† said protest organizer Nandlal Master. â€Å"Coca-Cola is creating thirst in India, and is directly responsible for the loss of livelihood and even hunger for thousands of people across India,† added Master, who represents the India Resource Center in the campaign against Coca-Cola. Indeed, one report, in the daily newspaper Mathrubhumi, described local women having to travel five kilometers (three miles) to obtain drinkable water, during which time soft drinks would come out of the Coca-Cola plant by the truckload. Coca-Cola Offers Sludge Fertilizer and Beverages with Pesticides Groundwater isn’t the only issue. The Central Pollution Control Board of ​India found in 2003 that sludge from Coca-Cola’s Uttar Pradesh factory was contaminated with high levels of cadmium, lead, and chromium.​​ To make matters worse, Coca-Cola was offloading cadmium-laden waste sludge as â€Å"free fertilizer† to tribal farmers who live near the plant, prompting questions as to why they would do that but not provide clean water to local residents whose underground supplies were being â€Å"stolen.† Another Indian nonprofit group, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), says it tested 57 carbonated beverages made by Coca-Cola and Pepsi at 25 bottling plants and found a â€Å"cocktail of between three to five different pesticides in all samples.† CSE Director Sunita Narain, the winner of the 2005 Stockholm Water Prize, described the group’s findings as â€Å"a grave public health scandal.† Coca-Cola Responds to Charges of Pollution and Groundwater Depletion For its part, Coca-Cola says that â€Å"a small number of politically motivated groups† are going after the company â€Å"for the furtherance of their own anti-multinational agenda.† It denies that its actions in India have contributed to depleting local aquifers, and calls allegations â€Å"without any scientific basis.† Citing excessive groundwater pumping, in 2014, Indian government officials ordered closed the Mehdiganj plant in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Since that time, Coca-Cola has undertaken a water replacement program, but unusually dry monsoons highlight the reality that water depletion continues to be a serious issue.

Abacus in the world Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abacus in the world - Research Paper Example mechanical frame containing several rods on which are mounted wooden beads which can be slid manually into different positions and combinations to represent numbers† (188). Materials used to make early abacuses in different regions varied. For example, among the Maya and Aztec people of Mesoamerica, maize kernels threaded on strings were used instead of beads, while the Inca people who lived in Peru centuries ago had an abacus that was made up of a â€Å"tray with compartments that were arranged in rows in which counters were moved in order to make calculations† (Keoke and Porterfield 1). The abacus originated from the Middle East thousands of years ago. Jain asserts that its evolution took place in 3000 B.C. (7). Darling points out that â€Å"the word appears to come from the Hebrew á ºÅ¡bá ºÅ¡q (dust) or the Phoenician abak (sand) via the Greek abax, which refers to a small tray covered with sand to hold the pebbles steady† (3). Over the centuries, there have been different types of abacuses. The first type was called suanpan and was used in China in 1300 (Barnes-Svarney and Svarney 349). There is no agreement regarding who invented this type of abacus but it is that believed it was the Chinese, Japanese or Koreans. Barnes-Svarney and Svarney affirm that â€Å"although merchants used this type of abacus for standard addition and subtraction operations, it could also be used to determine square and cube roots of numbers† (349). The other type of abacus was the soroban or the Japanese abacus. Apart from the fact that it lacked a bead in the upper and lower deck of every column, it was very similar to the Chinese abacus. The Roman abacus also had one bead lacking from the upper and lower deck of every column making it very similar to the Japanese abacus. According to Barnes-Svarney and Svarney, â€Å"the Russians also have their own version of an abacus; it uses ten beads on each wire, and a single deck† (349). To separate the two wires, a wire with fewer beads is

Assessment of Oman Air Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Assessment of Oman Air - Essay Example In addition, Oman Air fleets are up to date and well-organised competent aircrafts with superior quality of designed interiors. The company also introduced ultra modern and innovative technology based equipments in order to retain and enhance the safety of the customers and overall standards of its products along with services. In addition, Oman Air has attained significant achievements while executing its business operations globally. One of the major achievements of Oman Air lies in expanding its business operations around the world and also in attaining authorisation for preservation from some of the renowned bodies such as the Shell Aircraft (UK) and the Airclaims (UK) (Oman Air, 2012). Along with this significant achievement, Oman Air’s ‘Supply Chain Management Operation System and Procedures’ was honoured with â€Å"ISO 9001† authorisation. This particular authorization is an internationally renowned standard for quality management ensuring that the o rganisations have proven their quality performances along with maintaining standards in order to comply with the different requirements of their customers (Oman Air, 2012). In the paper, the assessment of Oman Air has been made on the basis of various assessment tools that include McKinsey’s 7s framework, balanced scorecard system and SWOT analysis. Various recommended changes or modifications of certain aspects of Oman Air such as its organizational structure are proposed and also discussed in the paper. McKinsey’s 7s Framework According to McKinsey’s 7s framework, attempts are taken to create a kind of awareness of major factors that include staff, style, systems, structure, strategies, skills and finally shared values or goals, so that at the time of utilisation or execution of these factors will ultimately assist in the formation as well as help towards attaining the expected outcomes or objectives while executing business operations performed by a particula r business organisation (Witcher & Chau, 2010). In relation to McKinsey’s 7s framework, the structure factor is an important one that divides the assigned tasks and provides various activities for the maintenance of co-ordination among the employees. In order to maintain an adequate structure, Oman Air imparts training to its members or staffs in a well organised manner and thus by delivering proper and efficient training, the company maintains the co-ordination among their members or staffs. In relation to systems, the processes, procedures and methods ultimately make a business organisation to grow and expand. The systems of Oman Air include innovative aircraft manufacturing along with repairing services and also retain a high pattern of technical processes in the most effective as well as in professional manner (Oman Air, 2012). In context to style, the perception of top officials of the business eventually creates a brand image within the organisation. The ideas or the co ncepts that have been initialised by the board members and other senior management officials of Oman Air assisted the company to attain a brand image while executing its business operations globally. In regard to staffs, the activities or the performances of the members or the staffs plays a significant role in order to attain expected outcomes along with

Stem Cell Harvesting Awareness Essay Example for Free

Stem Cell Harvesting Awareness Essay A structured questionnaire was administrated to 360 youths and young adults across Malaysia. The questionnaires were given to the Malaysian youths from different age groups, gender and religion. Evaluation from a number of literatures is used and conclusions are drawn based on qualitative analysis of the secondary research data. Findings – The results of this research proves that the gender, race and family income has no direct relationship on stem cell harvesting awareness. It is surprisingly not a new term to the respondents. They are hardly gain deeper information regarding stem cell harvesting and its issue from newspaper as well as television. Although the respondents think that stem cell research is ethical, they are hardly to support scientists to harvest stem cell, however, they learnt the importance of storing stem cell and willing to pay for cryopreservation service for stem cell banking. Practical implications – The results of the study lend support to the future of medical science in developing stem cells harvesting technology in Malaysia. Young couples going to form a household who age between 22-35 years old are the potential influence to the society to increase the awareness of this advance technology. Keywords – Stem cell, Social Cognitive Theory, and Media Dependency Theory Paper type – Research paper About the author: Lim Yoke Theng is currently in her final year pursuing her Bachelor in Mass Communication (Hons) with INTI International University, Malaysia. The author can be reach by email ([emailprotected] com) Research on Stem cell awareness among Malaysians . 1 Introduction Stem cell research is relatively new in Malaysia (Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2008). Stem cells are cells capable of developing into other types of cells and tissues. According to former research, stem cell have been viewed and can be harvested within the context of the embryo because it is within these early stages that we see the dramatic transitions of stem cells forming a range of tissues and organ systems. Later on, it can be found in adult physical body and called as adult stem cell. It now seems that probably all tissues contain adult stem cells, however, in insignificant numbers. Scientists reflect that the cells remain dormant until activated by disease or injury to that tissue. Stem cell research can potentially assist in treating a range of medical problems (Experiment Resources, 2008). It could lead humanity closer to better treatment and possibly cure a number of diseases: * Parkinson’s Disease * Alzheimer’s Disease * Heart Diseases, Stroke and Diabetes (Type 1) * Birth Defects * Spinal Cord Injuries Replace or Repair Damaged Organs * Reduced Risk of Transplantation (You could possibly get a copy of your own heart in a heart-transplantation in the future) * Stem cells may play a major role in cancer Besides, this research may also be able to explain how stem cells can be harvested and where can we found the stem cells on human body, the method and means of harvesting. To make the picture clearer to the public, functions of stem cells need to be strengthened and emphasized in medical field instead of stem cell harvesting and storage service. If stem cell is indeed the appealing alternative to those patients who struggle to live or to die, it may increase the level of awareness among Malaysia society and affect the achievement of Malaysia Medical Science Field. Patients who suffer from Alzheimers, stem cell transplantation is an option for them to recover from that disease, it has no cure but a drug called ARICEPT has been used by millions of people to help their symptoms (New York Methodist Hospital, 2010).

Diversification of the American Workforce: Impact on Interaction betwee

Diversification of the American Workforce: Impact on Interaction between Managers and Employees Abstract The diversification of the American Workforce has changed the way managers interact with employees. This diversification is due to tighter labor markets, increased immigration, and women entering the workforce. Cultural factors, not present before, have caused managers to develop new methods of tasking, motivating, and educating these diverse employees. Essentially these new methods have been a change in interpersonal behavior, the way a manager acts and re-acts to employees. This change in behavior was necessary to increase productivity and maintain a competitive edge in the market place. I. Introduction In my Cultural Anthropology course, I had to learn and memorize the definition of culture; â€Å"Culture is an organized system of learned behavior patterns, always made manifest in a group, making that group distinctive from other groups†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This definition was the basis for my understanding and ability to learn about other people, different than myself and from different backgrounds, during my studies in Anthropology and Psychology. This definition has the key element of what culture is, a system of behavior distinctive to a particular group of people. These behaviors range from cultural norms to religious beliefs. In business, the effectiveness of an organization rests on the ability of the management to interact with its employees and to motivate the workforce to accomplish the goals of the company. This ability of interaction between the manager and the employees depends on the managers understanding of the cultural differences between himself and his employees. The masculine form is only being used as example for the purpose of this paper. It is understood that the managers will most likely be male or female. An organization is affected by cultural factors on many levels. The top management forms the basic foundation of an organization when they set the primary goals for that organization, the reason the organization is in business. An example would be that a car company in the United States of America would have the ultimate goal of making large amounts of profit for it’s stakeholders. This goal is derived in the root cultural tenant of capitalism. The United States was founded with capitalist ideas and so American managers will have capitalist ide... ...behavior towards diverse employees and learn to understand the cultural differences between them will undoubtedly increase productivity and gain a competitive edge in the market place.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   VI. References Bernstein, A. and Rozen, S. (1992). Neanderthals at work. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Bowman-Kruhm, M. and Wirths, C. (1998). Discrimination and prejudice. New York: Rosen Publishing. Burns, J. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper and Row. Chaleff, I. (1995). The courageous follower. San Francisco: Berlett-Koehler Publishers. Creating a diverse workforce. (n.d.) Retrieved March 1, 2003, from http://www.businessweek. com/adsections/diversity/diversework.htm Daft, R. (1988). Management. New York: The Dryden Press. Devoe, D. (1999). Managing a diverse workforce. Retrieved March 1, 2003, from http://archive.infoworld.com/articles Kotkin, J. (1993). Tribes: how race, religion, and identity determine success in the new global economy. New York: Random House. Kowalenko, K. (2000). Increasing diversity in America’s science, engineering, and technology fields. Retrieved March 1, 2003, from http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/inst/dec2000

Communication Style Essay

Communication is a message conveyed with words, body language, vocal inflections, and personal space and the meaning understood by the recipient. Problems occur when the message received is not the message sent. What’s My Communication Style assesses and identifies a person’s dominate communication style. It outlines the strengths and weaknesses of the four styles: Spirit, Direct, Systematic and Considerate. Knowing which style you are comfortable with and which styles you need to improve upon will increase the effectiveness of your communication. This assessment was enlightening because I scored relatively close on three of the four styles. After reviewing the details of each style, I see myself in those three characteristics. I scored 8, 7, and 6 on Spirited, Considerate and Systematic respectively. Therefore, I maintain my dominate style is Enthusiastic and adapts based on my audience. The positive aspects of a spirited style are persuasiveness, enthusiasm and working at a fast pace. Similarly, the considerate style listens well, values relationships and builds trust. I think all of these qualities are essential in project management. For example, at work I always ask how people’s families are or how their weekend went before we start a planning meeting. I listen to what each department thinks is the most important needs and tasks to be addressed during the project. Above all though, I want to gather all the facts before we get started and then decide how we are going to proceed. When problems arise during the project, I listen to each responsible department to see what they think went wrong, make my own assessment and then make plans to correct and put the project back on plan. To strengthen my spirited style, I need to focus on including everyone better so they feel like a more substantial part of the team. One trouble spot that I would like to work on is my organization skills. I’ve noticed that I gloss over the less important details if they are not written down on my to do list. Glossing over the details usually means mistakes that need to be corrected. If I were more organized and detail oriented, we could reduce the number of errors during the project. Most of the time, my teams have all different types of communication styles. During meetings, I can usually tell which style they are most comfortable with based on how they structure their questions. I make a point to address their comments or concerns in their type of style, although I do it enthusiastically. This can be a problem for me when I have a teammate that is too emotional in a meeting. I get frustrated when the conversation has little substance. I want to get the facts and to the point so that we can create an action item list for the team. Similarly, I prefer to avoid addressing conflicts. When they get brought up, I always try to find a path that will appease the masses while still keeping our goals in sight. Because I am so enthusiastic, I like being around other spirited people. It is easy for me to connect with people that are similarly good story tellers, fast paced and high energy. I am drawn to them and feel encouraged to share my experiences. At work, however, I really value people who are articulate, factual, decisive and direct. When we have action items and a deadline, I am focused and want to surround myself with like-minded individuals. I am most challenged working with people that are extremely systematic. I’m currently working with a guy in our IT department who is very precise. He will correct you if you miss speak or have inaccurate facts. I find it difficult to connect with him on a personal level. I have to remember to be overly prepared and armed with details of our project when we have a meeting. During one particular proposal meeting, I really focused on the details and had all my facts. I had an answer for all of his questions. Because I was prepared, I had built that trust that I was trying to build by connecting with him personally. In this case, adapting to my audience was a success. In conclusion, this communication style assignment has been very educational. The assessment helped me identify which styles that I am comfortable with. The lesson taught me how best to identify and communicate with my team to be a better leader. The introspection has shown me my strengths and my trouble spots with areas to focus on.

Of Mice and Men: John Steinbeck Essay

Task: Say what happens on each of the three times we Curley’s wife and what we learn about her. Curley’s wife only appears three times throughout Of Mice and Men, even though she is a pivotal character in the story. The three times she appears are all small parts in the book, but are key scenes. They give us clues about her appearance, character and an insight into her life before she married Curley. The final time we see her is the vital scene where the plot comes together. The first time we see Curley’s wife is chapter 2, where she visits the bunkhouse. Curley’s wife enters the bunkhouse where Lennie and George are unpacking and George is telling Lennie where to go if he gets into trouble. Curley’s wife comes in looking for her husband; she stands in the doorway provocatively trying to get attention from Lennie and George. George ignores Curley’s wife, knowing what she is trying to do, but Lennie is instantly besotted with her. After Curley’s wife doesn’t get very far with Lennie and George she turns her attention to Slim and leaves the bunkhouse. This is only a short scene in the book, but we still learn a lot about Curley’s wife. The fact that she is only ever referred to as Curley’s wife suggests that she is only ever seen as the possession of Curley’s and has no individuality of her own. We learn that she has full, rouged lips and wide-spaced eyes, heavily made up. Her hair was hung in little rolled clusters, like sausages†. The part about her hair could be taken as an insult about her appearance and that she has failed in making herself attractive. She is descried as wearing mainly red rouged lips, fingernails were red, red mules with little bouquets of red ostrich feathers† which could be interpreted as a colour of danger or a sexual colour which she uses to gain attention from the ranch hands. Curley’s wife strives for attention; by always wearing a lot of make-up and bright clothing she gets the attention she craves so much. Because Curley’s wife is the only woman on the ranch she has no other women to walk to or be friends with and is therefore seen as a sexual object by the ranch hands. She uses this sexual image the ranch hands have of her to gain attention. Her body language suggests that she flirts provocatively her body was thrown forward†, showin her legs†. Her voice was said to have a brittle quality, which could imply that she is as so brittle herself, easily broken or venerable. Because Curley’s wife cannot escape from the sexual image that the other men have of her she uses it as a means of getting the attention she lacks. It is shown this scene that she doesn’t have a good relationship with Curley, because even though she says she is looking for Curley, when she is told where he is she looks apprehensive and rushes back to the bunkhouse as if she would be in trouble if she were not there. Also in this scene shows us that she is lonely and wants someone to talk to because when George answers her brusquely she still stays there and tries to talk to them. After she has gone George speaks of her despairingly bitch†, piece of jail bait† meaning that she has failed to impress him. This scene is like a prediction of what will happen later on in the story, before Curley wife comes into the bunkhouse George is telling Lennie where to go if he gets into trouble, then Curley’s wife walks in. This could be an indication that she is or has something to do with what gets Lennie into trouble. Over all in this scene we find out that Curley’s wife is lonely, pretty, flirty, frightened of her husband and is seen as a possession of Curley’s. The second time we see Curley’s wife is in chapter 4. This scene is where we see Curley’s wife visit Crooks room, gathered there are all the misfits on the ranch. They have been left behind while everyone else has on into town for the night. These people are left behind because they are misfits i.e. are not a young healthy white male. Crooks is black and is crippled, Candy is old and crippled, Lennie has learning disabilities (seen as being thick) and Curley’s wife is a woman. Candy, Lennie and Crooks are discussing the plans for the farm they are going to own, when Curley’s wife comes in looking for Curley. Candy and crooks want Curley’s wife to leave so the don’t get into trouble, but she persists in trying to talk to them. She asks them if they know what happened to Curley’s hand even though she all ready has worked out what has happened. When Crooks tells her to leave or he’ll tell the boss not to let her in the barn any more she becomes angry and tells him not to open his mouth, she threatens that if he dose she will get him strung up on a tree. Curley’s wife only leaves when she thinks the other ranch hands including, Curley have come back from town. Again in this scene we are shown that Curley’s wife is a very lonely person and only wants someone to talk to well, I ain’t givin you no trouble. Think I don’t like to talk to somebody ever’once in a while? Think I like to stick in that house alla time†. She is also again shown to use her appearance to get attention, Her face was heavily made up. Her lips were slightly parted. She breathed strongly, as though she had been running†. Curley’s wife shows discontent in the life that she has now and a great dislike for her husband Curley, Sure I gotta husban’. You all seen him. Swell guy aint he?†, I’m glad you bust up Curley a little bit. He got it comin’ to him. Sometimes I’d like to bust him myself†. She has this dislike for Curley because of his failure to satisfy her emotionally. Even though this scene is a gathering of the ranch misfits Curley’s wife has a slight advantage over the others. This is because she has a superior social standing as a young white female, she uses this to threaten dominate the other misfits. This happens on several occasions i.e. when she talks down to them You bindle bums† and also when Crooks orders her out of his room. By doing this he aggravates him and she attacks him verbally You know what I could do?† Well, you keep your place then Nigger. I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it ain’t even funny†. Crooks was an easy target for Curley’s wife to pick on because he is black. People were prejudiced against ethnic minorities in those days and this made it easy for her to frighten Crooks. In my opinion I think that she took pleasure out of his suffering and this particular scene shows a nasty side of her personality. The last time we see Curley’s wife is in the barn with Lennie, chapter 5. In this scene all of the men on the ranch except Lennie are outside taking part or are watching a horseshoe tournament. Lennie is in the barn playing with has pup, but accidentally kills it by stroking it too hard. Curley’s wife enters the barn because she is lonely and wants someone to talk too. She tries to flirt and impress Lennie by telling him about her life before she met Curley. She only really gets Lennie’s full attention when he tells her he likes to stroke nice things. When he tells her she invites Lennie to stroke her soft hair, but when Lennies stroking becomes harder, she panics; in a effort to stop her panicking and screaming Lennie puts his hand over her mouth, this in turn makes her panic even more. In the end Lennie like with the pup breaks her neck. He half-buries her in the hay and runs off. Candy later finds her body. Even though this is the last time we see Curley’s wife we still learn a lot about her and things we already know are reinforced. The fact that Curley’s wife is lonely is reinforced again in this scene I get lonely† this again makes her crave attention from other people. She attempts to gain Lennie’s attention in many ways in this scene, one of the ways she tries is by flirting here feel right her†. Another way is by playing on her own loneliness for sympathy even she shows none for Lennie when he shows her his dead pup. She tries to impress Lennie by telling him about her life before she met Curley She looked closely at Lennie to see whether she was impressing him†. Curley’s wife shows herself to be impatient and selfish by not letting Lennie tell his story before hers she went on with her story quickly, before she could be interrupted†. Again in this scene like the one before she shows a great dislike for Curley. This is because she married Curley only because she was let down by a man who said he could put her in movies, she married Curley so she could get away from home, but this turned out to be a hasty and bad decision for her. Because Curley doesn’t give his wife the attention she needs and tries to keep her from the other men on the ranch, she begins to hate Curley and seeks the attention from the other men on the ranch. Curley’s wife is also naive and lacks any common sense; this is because she believed that the man at the Riverside dance could put her in movies, when it is most probable that he just said it to sleep with her He says he was gonna put me in the movies. Soon’s he got back to Hollywood he was gonna write to me about it† I never got that letter†. Also the fact that she let Lennie to stroke her hair after he told her that he killed his pup by stroking it shows that she lacks any common sense. Many of the characters show contempt for Curley’s wife; they feel that she is a troublemaker. Candy calls her a tart and even when she is dead he says to her you god-damn tramp†¦Ever’ body knowed you’d mess things up. You wasn’t no good. You ain’t no good now, you lousy tart†. In my opinion I think that she deserves pity rather than contempt, because her husband is insensitive, possessive and aggressive. From the three times we see Curley’s wife we can say that she is a pivotal character in the story. Because of her hasty marriage to the possessive Curley she has become lonely in her isolation. To try to escape from the loneliness she uses the sexual image the ranch hands have of her to gain attention from other people, even those at the bottom of the social hierarchy. The fact that she is known only as Curley’s wife and is never called by her real name by ether the ranch hands or the author shows that she is seen only as a possession and is not treated as an individual.

General Circulation models Essays

General Circulation models Essays General Circulation models Essay General Circulation models Essay Again there may be problems with the data; bioturbation may be encountered by the action of organisms dwelling on the lakebed, and conditions favouring preservation of records may be inhibited due to anoxic bottom waters, causing adverse chemical conditions (Nesje and Dahl 2000). Several cores are usually taken to minimise errors. Ice coring has become a well-known and trusted form of gathering data about the Quaternary on a global scale, with the most renowned and detailed examples coming from Greenland and Antarctica. Ice cores can reveal many things about a glacier, including its origin, its basal conditions, climatic circulation conditions and possibly even anthropogenic influences on climate, with the presence of certain human-induced pollutants such as CFCs. Gasses can be trapped in air bubbles in the ice (Press and Siever 2000). Carbon dioxide concentrations for example, can be calculated, revealing approximate climate temperatures. Oxygen Isotopes, such as those trapped in the shells of marine creatures are also preserved in these air bubbles, again, allowing previous temperatures to be estimated. Aerosols such as dust can also reveal what was happening globally. If there is a lot of dust, it suggests a large amount of atmospheric aerosol loading (Nesje and Dahl 2000), which can be linked to an expansion of deserts, or poorly vegetated areas. The longest and most useful ice cores come from polar ice sheets, which suffer least from surface melting. The Vostok ice core for example, in the South Pole can date back to the late Glacial Pleistocene maximum and beyond. The longest cores taken from here reach 3623 meters in length (Menzies 2002). : Ice cores are limited to a certain extent to the age of preserved ice. This is because the thicker the ice, the lower the temperature required to melt it (at 2200m the basal ice will melt at -1. 6oC), thus very early ice accumulation tends to disappear, or be severely deformed in its fluid state (WMR University, 1998). Comparisons Because of the wide range of data obtainable from various sources, discrepancies in the accuracy of data, and the spatial limitations that any one data source has information for (e.g. Ice cores are best at giving local rather than global information), it could be said that combining data from as many sources as possible is the best course of action for getting as vivid a picture of quaternary environments as possible. For example terrestrial landforms may be useful in telling us the extent of previous ice sheets and where they moved, but this would be of limited use, without the chronological evidence to tell us when it happened. For example, between the dates 70-115 ka BP, 6 interstadial episodes with probable global significance occurred, as suggested by evidence found in the GRIP (Greenland Ice Core Project) core. Data from the Vostok core as well as North Atlantic marine sediments also suggested this was the case (Lowe and Walker 1997). Another example of coinciding data from several sources can be seen in oxygen isotope data. A continuous 500,000-year climate record from the isotopes was retrieved from a core at Devils Hole, Nevada. The isotope record correlated strongly with cores taken from Greenland and Vostok cores (Menzies 2002). The only problem with comparing data is that they are often dated in different ways for example, ice cores are dated by using ice-layer years (Lowe and Walker 1997), whereas radiocarbon dating is used for other areas. For this reason, calibrations for the last glacial interglacial were created. To get a full picture of the last quaternary and its climate, it appears that it is very important to look at all the information available to us, and bring it together to get a meaningful overall picture. It is important to remember that cores taken from marine sediments and glacial ice would mean nothing to scientists if we did not have the technology for radiometric and isotopic dating and analysis that we currently employ (Menzies 2002). Bennett and Glasser (1996) also mention that if we did not have the high-tech computer programmes to interpret and display data in the form of models and graphs replicating such things as ice sheet behaviour and climate patterns, we would have a much more difficult task and probably poorer understanding. Lowe and Walker (1997) also mention the development of General Circulation models, which are used in the interpretation of Oxygen Isotope records. Terrestrial and marine evidence has told us a lot about previous climate change its extent, and patterns of occurrence, which in the long term, will help us better-understand climate patterns of the future, and allow us to better prepare for them. Some areas are still uncertain, but as technologies improve, we can only hope to get as full a picture as the earth is capable of revealing.

Nominalization and Conversion

Nominalization and Conversion Nominalization and Conversion Nominalization and Conversion By Mark Nichol Every field of endeavor has its vocabulary, and the business world, for better or worse, has contributed significantly to the English language with jargon- an insider language that often obfuscates when it should clarify and complicates when it should simplify. This post discusses two categories of such word adaptation. Nominalization is morphological change though suffixation- the creation of a noun by attaching a suffix to an existing noun or another part of speech. For example, pomposity derives from pompous, corporatism comes from corporate, and humanization results from nominalization of humanize (and, of course, nominalization is itself a nominalization of nominal, which simply means â€Å"pertaining to a name or naming,† though it often has a sense of â€Å"in name only†). This neologistic strategy is not inherently inadvisable; it is, after all, how we label concepts that help us understand the world. But writers can get carried away, piling up nominalizations into a formidable heap of sesquipedalian pedantry. When you find yourself collecting such constructions, aid comprehension by breaking the discussion down into more conversational prose- describe with a phrase what one word can do more concisely but not necessarily more coherently. The second category, conversion (also called zero derivation), sometimes takes this disassembly too far in the opposite direction. Here, one part of speech is repurposed, without alteration, into another, as when verbs become nouns. Some examples are well worn: Disconnect, for one, has become increasingly ubiquitous since its coinage several decades ago to describe a break or disruption between two entities or parties or between one entity or party and a concept. But other venerable words have taken on new senses: For example, build, which as a noun has long referred to a person or animal’s size and shape, now also denotes the development of a procedure or a system. Fail has existed for some time as a noun in the phrase â€Å"without fail† and in the context of a financial deal, but now it is an everyday truncation of failure. And read, employed for decades to refer to something read or the act of reading or time spent reading, has more recently developed as a casual alternative to analysis or opinion in such comments as â€Å"What’s your read on that?† Meanwhile, a new generation of upstart conversions has entered the lexicon since the passing of the last millennium: Writers refer to an ask, or what is expected or requested of someone. Solution is passà ©; one now achieves a solve. And the cost of something is often referred to in corporate contexts as the spend. It’s likely too late for an undo for some of these words, but others may quietly disappear, while those that remain eventually become as unobjectionable as disconnect as a noun. But unless you’re in the thick of the business realm (and perhaps even then), maintain an aversion to conversion. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business Emails41 Words That Are Better Than Good50 Plain-Language Substitutions for Wordy Phrases

Analysis of Contemporary Health Care Issue Term Paper

Analysis of Contemporary Health Care Issue - Term Paper Example It has forced several individuals to work two or more job to sustain themselves. Most of these jobs are two to three hours long, which has forced people to seek multiple jobs to cover costs. With the current job situation, it is becoming difficult for individuals to pay for medical insurance. The loophole that firms have adopted is employment on a short-term basis. This allows companies to have employees on a temporary basis; hence, they do not provide any medical cover. This pushes the responsibility onto the employees to pay for their own health care, which is why the health care act is under scrutiny. The nature of the medical insurance mandate is forcing individuals to tighten up their budgets. This factor is more evident in the tax structure and the underserved population in the US economy. The general structure of the US system highlights that the richer (high earnings) you are, the less tax an individual will pay. This illustrates that high income earners have more disposable income to pay for quality medical insurance, which amounts to approximately 10% of the American population. Therefore, 90% are left to struggle with the constraints of the tax system and the deteriorating state of the employment state in the US. (BLS, 2012) The health care act has generated a lot of debate, attributed to the mandatory nature of each individual having to pay for medical insurance. The current conditions of the profit-oriented industry have made it difficult for employees to purchase or obtain medical cover on their own salaries. It has become increasingly difficult to sustain or keep a job, because organizations are focused on reducing costs, which is catalyzed by low revenue and sales (Wessling, 2012). it has caused a cycle in which a lack of money is causing unemployment and underperformance from companies in the US. On average, firms are making losses of about 10%, which has

Victims of Organizational Crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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The influence of airline service quality on passenger satisfaction and loyalty Essay Example for Free

The influence of airline service quality on passenger satisfaction and loyalty Essay The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at www.emeraldinsight.com/1754-2731.htm TQM 25,5 The influence of airline service quality on passenger satisfaction and loyalty 520 The case of Uganda airline industry Juliet Namukasa Makerere University Business School, Kampala, Uganda Abstract Purpose – The general objective of this study was to examine the influence of airline service quality on passenger satisfaction and loyalty. To achieve this, the research was guided by four specific objectives to which data collection was effected mainly by interview method using fully structured questionnaires. Design/methodology/approach – The study used random sampling technique and it covered 303 respondents on international flights using Entebbe International Airport. Data were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences 16, were w2 was used to test the hypothesis and regression analysis was performed to examine the relationships between variables. Findings – Findings indicated that the quality of pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight services had a statistically significant effect on passenger satisfaction. In addition to that, passenger satisfaction as a mediating variable also had a significant effect on passenger loyalty. It was noted that passenger satisfaction differed from person to person as some were more interested in off board facilities, others onboard, others in the quality of food while others wanted more extra luggage. Originality/value – It was recommended that airline management should consider developing various strategies for  improving service quality based on demographic characteristics of the customers such as occupation, age, gender and education level. Keywords Customer loyalty, Customer satisfaction, Airline service quality, Competitiveness, Airlines, Uganda Paper type Research paper The TQM Journal Vol. 25 No. 5, 2013 pp. 520-532 r Emerald Group Publishing Limited 1754-2731 DOI 10.1108/TQM-11-2012-0092 Introduction Nowadays the airline industry is characterized by heavy regulations which limit airlines’ room for maneuvering and accessing global markets compared to other industries which have paved ways for companies to transform into global players. This has prevented airlines from becoming truly global businesses by impeding crossborder merger and acquisition activities (Hanlon, 2007). To overcome the restrictions imposed by this nationality rule, airlines formed global alliances as a means to secure some of the benefits of a larger size and scope offer. Three major alliances namely Star Alliance, Oneworld and Sky Team now dominate the competitive landscape (Doganis, 2006). Airlines furthermore have to cope with marginal profitability (Hanlon, 2007). Therefore the delivery of high-quality service becomes a marketing requirement among air carriers as a result of competitive pressure (Ostrowski et al., 1993). Moreover airline passengers can experience many service encounters with front-line employees as well as in-flight attendants, this is called â€Å"moment of truth†. Passengers may judge or evaluate airline service quality through a comparison between their experiences and  ¨ expectations over a number of quality attributes (Gronroos, 2000) hence there is need to examine the influence of airline service quality on passenger  satisfaction and loyalty because customer satisfaction holds a significant importance in corporate sector. The airline industry in Uganda Uganda is a landlocked country, air transport is therefore of strategic importance to the nation as it guarantees an alternative gateway to the rest of the world. It provides the most efficient and quickest transport means to Uganda and from the country to the rest of the world. The development of a safe, efficient and reliable air transport industry is thus among government’s priority programmes and Uganda’s geographical location in the heart of Africa gives Entebbe International Airport greater advantage for hub and spoke operations in especially the great lakes region (Uganda Civil Aviation Authority, 2012). Uganda’s official national carrier Uganda Airlines was liquidated in May 2001 after 24 years of operations. Attempts were made by the Ugandan Government to privatize the company, however, all interested parties which included British Airways and South African Airways pulled out leading to the carrier’s demise (Centre for Aviation, 2012). Problem sta tement Excellent passenger satisfaction is one of the greatest assets for air businesses in today’s competitive environment, the on board experience is still something special for the customer, if the passenger is not satisfied with the quality of service, they will reconsider the buying decision for further flights and will probably switch to another airline (Archana and Subha, 2012). The research related to service quality and customer satisfaction in the airline industry has been growing in interest because the delivery of high service quality is essential for airlines’ survival and competitiveness (Archana and Subha, 2012). A number of studies examining the effect of airline service quality on passenger satisfaction have been carried out in other countries, for example, Archana and Subha (2012) carried out such study in India, Huang (2009) in Taiwan, Munusamy et al. (2011) Malaysia, Ahadmotlaghi and Pawar (2012) India and Mohsan et al. (2011) in Pakistan and none of such s tudy has been carried out in Uganda’s airline industry which is a great motivation for this study. General objective The general objective was to examine the influence of airline service quality on passenger satisfaction and loyalty. Specific objectives (1) to analyze the effect of pre-flight service quality on passenger satisfaction; (2) (3) (4) to examine the effect of in-flight service quality on passenger satisfaction; to analyze the effect of post-flight service quality on passenger satisfaction; and to assess whether passenger satisfaction has a significant effect on passenger loyalty. Literature review and hypotheses The aviation sector The aviation sector has become the most important segment in the economic development of a nation. It plays a vital role in moving people or products from one place to another, be it domestic or international, especially when the distances involved are far. In a highly competitive environment the provision of high quality services to passengers is the core competitive advantage for an airline’s profitability and sustained growth. Since the air transportation market has become more Airline service quality 521 TQM 25,5 522 challenging, many airlines have turned to focus on airline service quality to increase service satisfaction since service quality conditions influences a firm’s competitive advantage by retaining customer patronage and with this comes market share (Archana and Subha, 2012). Therefore delivering quality airline services to passengers is essential for airline survival, since passengers are becoming increasingly sensitive to quality. Definitions of service quality, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty Service quality can be defined as a consumer’s overall impression of the efficiency of the organization and its services (Park et al., 2004) or as a chain of services in which the entire service delivery is divided into a series of processes (Chen and Chang, 2005). Most definitions of service quality depend on the context and therefore focus on meeting the customers’ needs and requirements and how well the service delivered matches the customers’ expectations of it. In the airline industry, service quality is composed of various interactions between customers and airlines with employees seeking to influence customers’ perceptions and the image of the carriers (Gursoy et al., 2005). Though price is increasingly used as the primary way to attract customers; some airlines are looking more to service quality to get a competitive edge by distinguishing their products because competitors are relatively efficient in responding to price changes ( Jones and Sasser, 1995). These airlines’ competitive advantage lies in their service quality as perceived by customers (Chang and Yeh, 2002). Therefore ensuring quality service is the key for survival of all businesses/industries dealing in service offerings airlines inclusive. Oliver (1981) defined satisfaction as â€Å"a person’s feeling of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a product’s perceived performance (or outcome) in relation to his or her expectations†. While Hansemark and Albinson (2004) defined it as an overall customer attitude towards a service provider, or an emotional reaction to the difference between what customers anticipate and what they receive regarding the fulfilment of some needs, goals or desire. The definition provided by Oliver (1981) has been used for  this study. Therefore it is very important to satisfy customers because nowadays most of them have exposure to a variety of information, they are more familiar with the present trends in technology, very well educated and more demanding in the products and services they require. Customer loyalty can be defined as â€Å"a deeply held commitment to re-buy or re patronize a preferred product/service consistently in the future, thereby causing repetitive same-brand purchasing despite situational influences and marketing efforts having the potential to cause switching behavior† (Oliver, 1997). Chin (2002) stated that an attractive frequent flier program (FFP) could actually contribute to increased loyalty from the repeat business of an increased number of customers and numerous studies have revealed that customer satisfaction positively affects loyalty (Mohsan et al., 2011; Fornell, 1992; Anderson and Jacobsen, 2000). Therefore airline companies need to review and re-examine their strategies in order to sustain customer loyalty. Effect of pre-flight service quality on passenger satisfaction In order to achieve customer satisfaction, organizations must be able to build and maintain long-lasting relationships with customers through satisfying various customer needs and demands which resultantly motivates them to continue to do business with the organization on an on -going basis (LaBarbera and Mazursky, 1983). Therefore it is presumed that pre-flight service quality has a significant effect on passenger satisfaction, thus: Airline service quality H1. Pre-flight service quality has a positive significant effect on passenger satisfaction. Effect of in-flight service quality on passenger satisfaction Ng et al. (2011) stated that in-flight services offered by flight attendants affected customer satisfaction. Airline passengers may experience many service encounters with in-flight attendants, this is called â€Å"moment of  truth†. Passengers may judge or evaluate airline service quality through a comparison between their experiences and  ¨ expectations, over a number of quality attributes (Gronroos, 2000) since most services are intangible. Thus because of this intangibility, most companies find it difficult to understand how customers perceive their services. Therefore in-flight attendants should focus on tangibles by communicating to the customers the features of the service being provided. Thus it is presumed that in-flight service quality has a significant effect on passenger satisfaction: H2. In-flight service quality has a positive effect on passenger satisfaction. Effect of post-flight service quality on passenger satisfaction An after-sales service constitutes a means to uncover extra customer needs and a strategic driver for customer retention. Oliver (1997) demonstrated that extremely satisfied customers are much more likely to remain loyal to firm than those who are merely satisfied. Hence it is presumed that post-flight service quality has a significant effect on passenger satisfaction: H3. Post-flight service quality has a positive significant effect on passenger satisfaction. Effect of passenger satisfaction on passenger loyalty A study by Mohsan et al. (2011) revealed that customer satisfaction was positively correlated with customer loyalty. It further stressed that, there was need for airline companies to always look into the needs and demands of their customers in order to survive and compete successfully in today’s dynamic corporate environment. While Fornell (1992) found that high customer satisfaction would result in increased loyalty for the firm and that customers would be less prone to overtures from competition. Thus the underlying assumption is that passenger satisfaction is positively associated with passenger loyalty: H4. Passenger satisfaction has a positive effect on passenger loyalty. Conceptual framework It gives a more detailed insight on the variables that influence passenger  satisfaction and loyalty in the airline industry based on pre-flight service quality, in-flight service quality and post-flight service quality. The variables were developed from the extensive review of literature related to the study (Figure 1). 523 TQM 25,5 524 Figure 1. Airline service quality Pre-flight Service †¢ Reliability †¢ Responsiveness †¢ Discounts In-flight Service Quality †¢ Tangibles †¢ Courtesy †¢ Language skills H1 Passenger Satisfaction H2 H4 Passenger Loyalty Post -flight Service Quality †¢ Frequent flyer programs †¢ Timeliness H3 Pre-flight service quality Quality of service is very important in ensuring customer satisfaction because frequency of bad experiences will impact a customer’s perception on the company (Munusamy et al., 2011). For example, if customers receive rude services from the same airline consistently they will be dissatisfied with the services and eventually, these customers might decide to take their businesses elsewhere. Therefore in this study, it is anticipated that pre-flight service quality (such as reliability of airline web site, discount offers, responsiveness to emergency situations like cancelled flights and baggage allowance have an influence on passenger satisfaction and loyalty). In-flight service quality In a study by Ng et al. (2011) stated that in-flight services offered by flight attendants affected customer satisfaction. Therefore in order to develop a good customer service, the in-flight crew should put emphasis on tangible cues in order to create a strong organizational image. Hence it is suggested that in-flight services such as (safety percussions, seat comfort, quality of food, in-flight entertainment services, language skills and courtesy of in-flight crew) affect customer satisfaction. Post-flight service quality Post-flight services like offering FFP, promptness of baggage delivery and retrieval are regarded as important factors that have an impact on establishing good relationships with customers which eventually influence satisfaction and loyalty. In order to survive and grow, airlines regardless of place of operation, have to be both internationally competitive and must continuously improve all aspects of their operations (Doganis, 2006). Research methodology Research paradigm Positivist paradigm was adopted because it relies mainly on statistical and quantitative estimations to arrive at a conclusion. Population and unit of analysis The population was made up of 13,558 passengers based on Uganda’s international seat capacity per week by carrier for the selected airlines between 28 November 2011 and 4 December 2011 (Centre for Aviation, 2012). It comprised of international passengers who had at least travelled once in the last 12 months with the selected airlines operating at Entebbe International Airport. This meant that the participants had a clear view about airlines’ services. These airlines included: Air Uganda, Precision air, Kenya airways, Rwanda air and Fly 540. In order to ensure fairness and accuracy of the study, airlines registered within East Africa were chosen. Compared to other regions in Africa, East Africa forms a relatively homogeneous group of countries in many respects. This homogeneity creates a favourable environment towards the emergence of an integrated air transport market. Entebbe airport was chosen because it is the one that handles international flights in Uganda. Sample design This study adopted convenience sampling. Sampling was done by interviewing randomly selected passengers, waiting for their flights at different times of the day, on every day of the week, during the period 19 July to 15 August 2012. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire was divided into five sections, the first section was about the demographic profile of respondents and second, third and fourth sections were designed to evaluate passengers’ overall experiences with the quality of services they had received from the airlines and the last was dealing with the effect of passenger satisfaction on passenger loyalty. Sample size Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table was used in determining the sample size of a randomly chosen sample from a given finite population of 13,558 based on Uganda’s international seat capacity per week, by carrier for the selected airlines between 28 – November 2011 and 4 –December 2011 (Centre for Aviation, 2012). Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table indicates that if the study population size is 13,558, a statistically representative sample size should be 378 respondents. However, out of the 378 questionnaires that were  distributed, a total of 303 questionnaires were complete and had valid responses, 75 questionnaires were incomplete hence they were removed. The number of passengers sampled per airline was based on how busy the airline was at the airport during the period 19 July to 15 August 2012. The actual sample size of 303 respondents was valid for this study, because studies which had dealt with passengers as a unit of inquiry had relatively dealt with sample sizes ranging from 270 to 602, for example, Archana and Subha (2012) sampled 270 respondents; Munusamy et al. (2011) sampled 300 and Huang (2009) sampled 602 respondents. Also (Roscoe, 1975 in Sekaran, 2003) proposed some rules of thumb in determining sample size of which one of it stated that, â€Å"sample sizes larger than 30 and o500 are appropriate for most researchers†. It has also argued that in order to use w2, the overall number of items should be at least 50 (Kothari, 2004) hence the actual sample was fairly enough and suitable for models which were to be used in data analysis (Table I). Data collection methods Data were collected using both primary and secondary data sources. Primary data were collected through the use of structured questionnaires which consisted of five sections on the following aspects: respondents’ profile, quality of pre-flight services, in-flight services, post-flight services and the effect of passenger satisfaction on passenger loyalty. The questions were phrased in the form of statements scored on a five-point Likert type scale, ranking from 1 â€Å"strongly disagree† to 5 â€Å"strongly agree†. The study was conducted in the departure hall of Entebbe International Airport. Questionnaires were distributed to respondents who had under taken at least one international flight in the previous 12 months with the selected airlines. Face-to-face Airline service quality 525 TQM 25,5 Carrier airline name 526 Table I. Sample frame Population (total number of seats per week) between 28/11/11 and 4/12/11 Intended sample Actual sample Air Uganda Kenya airways Precision air Rwanda air express Fly 540 aviation Total 4,392 6,280 564 948 1,374 13,558 72 158 65 51 31 378 58 127 52 41 25 303 interviews of passengers waiting for their flights were conducted at Entebbe airport. A total of 303 sets of usable questionnaires were successfully collected yielding a response rate of 80 per cent. To reduce the refusals to participate or to answer specific questions, the researcher contacted passengers politely by explaining the purpose and contribution of the research. Reliability and validity Cronbach a was used to test the internal consistency for all items under respective variables. Hair et al. (2006) suggested that Cronbach’s a coefficient over 0.6 is adequate for basic research. The reliability of each construct was assessed by using Cronbach’s a measure which in the experiment was ranging from 0.645 to 0.850, indicating that the scale are internally consistent and reasonably free of measurement error. To ensure the perfection of the study tool, a pilot study was also conducted (Table II). Data analysis Data were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 16. w2-test was used as a way of testing the hypothesis and regression analysis was performed to examine the relationships between variables. This is in line with what was used in similar empirical studies, for example, Munusamy et al. (2011) used Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis while Mohsan et al. (2011) used Microsoft excel and SPSS 16 to analyze data. Descriptive statistics was used to provide an overview  on the profile of international passengers using Entebbe International Airport. Interpretation and discussion of findings Hypotheses results w 2 was used in determining the relationships and significance of the variables. Testing of hypotheses was at 95 per cent level of confidence interval and results from this were Sl.No Table II. Reliability of various service factors Factors I II III IV V Pre-flight In-flight Post-flight Passenger satisfaction Passenger loyalty Number of statements Number of cases Cronbach’s a 8 8 3 3 6 303 303 303 303 303 0.723 0.819 0.645 0.704 0.850 used to reach the conclusions. To verify the causal relationships, regression was used for determining the correlation coefficients amongst variables: Airline service quality H1. Pre-flight service quality has a positive significant effect on passenger satisfaction. In the study, respondents were asked to express their opinions on different items that measured pre-flight service quality on a five-point Likert scale that ranged from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Results showed that seven out of eight measurable indicators of pre-flight service quality had a significant effect on passenger satisfaction since they scored w2-values that were above the table value of 26.296 and also registered significant values less than the critical value of 0.05. It can therefore be concluded that pre-flight service quality has a positive significant effect on passenger satisfaction. This is in line with findings by (Munusamy et al., 2011) whose results showed that pre-flight service  quality had a positive impact on customer satisfaction. These results imply that if airline companies are to achieve a high level of customer satisfaction, they should deliver a high level of service quality, as it is normally considered an antecedent of customer satisfaction. In addition to the w2-test, correlations of indicators of pre-flight service quality were regressed against passenger satisfaction to confirm the results got from the w2-tests. Regression results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between pre-flight service quality and passenger satisfaction. Findings also indicated that from among the measurable indicators of pre-flight service quality prompt response to emergencies (r  ¼ 0.434) and reliability of airlines’ web site (r  ¼ 0.429) were among the strongest contributors to passenger satisfaction compared to price charged (r  ¼ 0.337) and baggage allowance (r  ¼ 0.122). Results therefore implied that improvement in the quality of pre-flight services offered by airline companies would result into passenger satisfaction: H2. In-flight service quality has a positive effect on passenger satisfaction. From the respondents’ opinions, all the measurable indicators of in-flight service quality had a p ositive significant effect on passenger satisfaction since they all registered significant values of 0.000 that were less than the critical value of 0.05. This concurs with the findings by Ng et al. (2011) who confirmed that in-flight services offered by flight attendants affected customer satisfaction. The findings imply that inflight services are one of the key drivers of ensuring passenger satisfaction (Table III). Additional analysis was performed were in-flight variables were cross-tabbed and regressed against passenger satisfaction in order to confirm the results got from w2-tests. Results from table below at 95 per cent confidence interval revealed that indeed in-flight service quality had a significant effect on passenger satisfaction because all significant values were 0.000 which was below the critical value 0.05 that is to say ( po0.05). This therefore confirmed that there was a significant positive relationship between in-flight service quality and passenger satisfaction. Amongst the in-flight variables, comfort and cleanliness (r  ¼ 0.460), safety (r  ¼ 0.400) and quality of food (r  ¼ 0.397) had more impact on passenger satisfaction compared to employee appearance and crew uniforms (r  ¼ 0.268) This therefore implies that airlines should improve on their inflight services, for example, quality of food, safety measures and comfort of seats since they have higher impact on passenger satisfaction (Table IV): H3. Post-flight service quality has a positive significant effect on passenger satisfaction. 527 TQM 25,5 In-flight service quality variables 1 2 3 528 4 5 6 7 I feel safe when I fly with this airline The aircraft has clean and comfortable  interiors and seats. Employees of this airline appear neat  and tidy The airline provides quality food  The cabin crew of this airline is  friendly and has good language skills. The airline provides good in-flight  services consistently My in-flight experiences with this  airline has exceeded my expectations The in-flight services that this airline  offers are worth what I pay for Table III. 8 w2-test for in-flight service quality and passenger satisfaction Note: *Critical value at 0.05 significance  ¼ 26.296 w2 Df Sign Status 16 0.000 Significant 1.500E2* 16 0.000 Significant 1.192E2* 99.534* 16 16 0.000 0.000 Significant Significant 1.296E2* 16 0.000 Significant 79.790* 16 0.000 Significant 89.575* 16 0.000 Significant 69.843* 16 0.000 Significant R R2 Significance 0.400 0.460 0.160 0.212 0.000 0.000 0.268 0.397 0.072 0.158 0.000 0.000 0.365 0.380 0.133 0.144 0.000 0.000 0.355 0.126 0.000 0.301 0.507 0.091 0.257 0.000 0.000 85.831* In-flight service quality variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Table IV. Regression of in-flight service quality on passenger satisfaction 8 I am less worried when I fly with this airline because I feel safe when I fly with it The aircraft has clean and comfortable interiors and seats Employees of this airline appear neat and tidy and I like the crew uniforms The airline provides quality food (Cuisine ) and beverages The cabin crew of this airline are friendly and have good  language skills The airline provides good in-flight services consistently My in-flight experiences with this airline has exceeded my  expectations Considering the in-flight services that this airline offers; they are worth what I pay for Overall in-flight service quality From Table V, all the three post-flight indicators registered w2-values above the table values of 26.296 and indicated significant values less than the critical value (0.000o0.05). These results indicate that the quality of post-flight services has a significant effect on passenger satisfaction. Oliver (1997) demonstrated that extremely satisfied customers were much more likely to remain loyal to firm than those who were merely satisfied. Therefore this implies that a company has to create customer relationships that deliver value beyond those provided by the core product (Table V). Further analysis was performed to identify the causal relationship amongst these variables were by indicators of post-flight service quality were regressed on passenger satisfaction. Results indicated that there was a significant positive relationship between the quality of post-flight services and passenger satisfaction. From the indicators of post-flight services, passenger comments and concerns (r  ¼ 0.503) had more predictive power on passenger satisfaction because it had a higher correction coefficient compared to the FFP (r  ¼ 0.325): Airline service quality H4. Passenger satisfaction has a positive effect on passenger loyalty. Results from Table VI show that passenger satisfaction has a significant effect on passenger loyalty. This concurs with previous studies by Parasuraman et al. (1988) and Anderson and Sullivan (1993) who concluded that customer satisfaction was one of the major determinants of customer loyalty. This aspect is strengthened by Lin and Wang (2006), whose study concluded that customer satisfaction influences customer loyalty. This relationship has been investigated in previous studies for example findings by (Yang and Peterson, 2004) suggested that customer loyalty can be generated through improving customer satisfaction and offering high product/service value. Therefore delivering high quality in the airline industry should be recognized as the most effective means of ensuring customer satisfaction and loyalty. 529 Conclusion In general the study findings have coincided with other studies that the quality of airlines’ services has a significant influence on passenger satisfaction and loyalty. Findings indicated that pre-flight, in-flight and post-flight services had a significant effect on passenger satisfaction. In addition to that, passenger satisfaction as a mediating variable also had a significant effect on passenger loyalty. The study results imply that airline marketers should develop various strategies to improve service quality, for example, meeting passengers’ desired service levels, improving the quality of in-flight meals, solving service problems effectively, developing convenient reservation and ticketing systems, making convenient schedules for passengers and reducing the effect of service failures as these directly affect passenger satisfaction and loyalty. Implications of the results to the various stakeholders Managerial implications to the airline companies The results of this study highlight to management that safety and security are the most important in-flight service quality dimensions in international  air travel as perceived w2 df Sign Status 62.255* 66.676* 1.316E* 16 16 16 0.000 0.000 0.000 Significant Significant Significant Post-flight service quality variables 1 2 3 The airline has a sound loyalty programme to  recognize you as a frequent customer This airline has efficient baggage handling My concerns are highly valued by this airline Note: *Critical value at 0.05 significance  ¼ 26.296 Passenger satisfaction variables 1 2 3 In comparison to other airlines, am satisfied with the  airline’ services Am satisfied with this airline’s personnel This airline values customers’ comments w2 df Sign Status 1.560E2 89.604 1.100E2 16 16 16 0.000 0.000 0.000 Significant Significant Significant Table V. w2-test results for post-flight services and passenger satisfaction Table VI. w2-test results for passenger satisfaction and passenger loyalty TQM 25,5 530 by airline passengers. This may be as a result of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, the Iraq War and the constant threat of terrorism. To address the public’s growing concern about air travel safety, airlines should be receptive to consumer input. Airlines should inform the public of their continuous drive to provide a safer flying environment and should publicize the security improvements of the international air travel industry to boost consumer confidence. Government policy makers Government should reduce on the ill-conceived policy initiatives that over-regulate and excessively charge high taxes from airline companies as this limits airlines registered within East Africa from competing effectively with other airlines from other nations due to economic hardships. This prevents aviation from being the catalyst for economic growth. Based on the study findings, the effect of airline service quality on passenger satisfaction and loyalty imply that a company with good airline services is more likely to stand out in the market place because it draws both repeat customers and trial users Therefore airline companies should strive to be consistent with the quality of services they offer to their passengers. Recommendations Customers have to be actively involved in the service process to ensure their satisfaction and commitment (loyalty) in the long run. The coordination of the different airline service components, as well as their incorporation in a clear and integrated communication strategy further supports the creation of a harmonious brand image in customers’ minds, which is the basis for the development of relationships between customers and the airline and, this could result into the development of true customer loyalty. Airline companies should strive for value creation and appropriate allocation of resources in international air travel by creating more realistic consumers’ expectations about the promises that airlines make as this may increase the level of passenger satisfaction, for example, through meeting customers’ desired service levels, dealing effectively with dissatisfied customers and confronting customer complaints positively. This will enable management to differ entiate their brand from other airlines in terms of service quality. Suggested areas for further research This study was limited in the context of airline services for international passengers. Domestic passengers’ opinions on the influence of airline service quality on passenger satisfaction and loyalty might be different from that of international passengers. Hence, an empirical examination needs to be undertaken in order to assess how domestic passengers’ opinions are different from that of international passengers. 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